Copyright © All rights reserved. Site administered by CPAP and content provided by Romeo Salla
Email: admin@economicstutor.com.au romeosalla@economicstutor.com.au
Course notes quick navigation
1 Introductory concepts 2 Market mechanism 3 Elasticities 4 Market structures 5 Market failures 6 Macro economic activity/eco growth 7 Inflation 8 Employment & unemployment 9 External Stability 10 Income distribution 11.Factors affecting economy 12 Fiscal/Budgetary policy 13 Monetary Policy 14 Aggregate Supply Policies 15 The Policy Mix
Non market activity
ABS measures of production, income and expenditure in the economy rely heavily on surveys and estimates and can never be perfectly accurate. The inaccuracy of ABS statistics is further compromised by the existence of non-market activity that is impossible or too costly to measure.
Non market activity refers to any economic activity that is not marketed (i.e. sold for a price). This typically includes numerous activities like home repairs, home gardening, backyard food production, etc. Indeed, all those activities that are done privately, or at home, that could otherwise be outsourced to another party are examples of 'non-market activity'. Whilst they do represent examples of 'economic activity' that is taking place in the economy, the ABS will not seek to estimate this activity due to the costs involved. There are, however, some instances where the ABS will 'impute' a value for inclusion in GDP estimates. This includes government services provided free of charge (where the value is recorded at the cost of providing the service); the estimated 'rental value' of owner occupied dwellings; and the value of farm output consumed on the farm.
In addition to non-market activity, the ABS cannot accurately measure the extent of economic activity that takes place in the illegal economy (i.e. 'black market'). This includes production of illegal goods and production of goods for 'cash' (the 'cash economy'). In addition, there are other examples of 'marketed activity' that is not included in GDP estimates due to the difficulty attached to the collection of these statistics. This includes imports that are purchased over the internet and whose value is less than $1,000.
For all of these reasons, GDP is an underestimate of the true level of economic activity taking place in our economy.
What is economics? |
Relative scarcity |
Opportunity cost |
Production possibility curve |
Efficiency |
Basic economic questions |
Allocative efficiency |
Technical efficiency |
Intertemporal efficiency |
Dynamic efficiency |
Markets versus planning |
What is a market? |
Demand for goods and services |
Supply of goods and services |
Equilibrium |
Shifts of demand |
Shifts of supply |
Convergence to equilibrium |
Factors influencing decision making |
Excess supply |
Excess demand |
Consumer decisions |
Producer decisions |
Government decisions |
Decisions of other groups |
Price elasticity of demand |
Price elasticity of supply |
Perfect competition |
Monopolistic competition |
Oligopoly |
Monopoly |
Market structure and efficiency |
Monopoly vs monopsony power |
Public goods |
Merit goods |
De-merit goods |
Externalities |
Abuse of market power |
Aysmmetric information |
Common Access Resources |
Externalities in production |
Externalities in consumption |
Macroeconomic activity |
Aggregate demand and supply |
Five sector model of economy |
Measurement of economic activity |
Non-market activity |
The business cycle |
Goal of strong and sustainable economic growth |
AD and AS diagrams |
Measuring economic growth |
Economically sustainable development |
Trade-off betwen economic growth and sustainability |
Alternative measures of living standards |
Why inflation is bad |
Why the RBA targets 2-3% |
Measurement of inflation |
Deflation versus disinflation |
Inflationary expectations |
Headline vs underlying |
The Phillips Curve |
Benefits vs costs of full employment |
Measurement of unemployment |
Hidden unemployment |
Underemployment & underutilisation rate |
Unemployment and participation rates |
Is the CAD a problem? |
The exchange rate |
International investment position |
Free trade vs protection |
Problems with protection |
The 'equity goal' |
Measurement of income distribution |
Absolute vs relative poverty |
Equity vs efficiency trade-off |
Costs and benefits of inequality |
Lorenz curve |
Gini-coefficient |
Henderson Poverty Line |
Cash vs underlying outcomes |
Fiscal outcome |
Medium term fiscal strategy |
BP and economic growth |
BP and low inflation |
BP and full employment |
BP and external stability |
BP and the distribution of income |
Budgetary policy and living standards |
Goals of monetary policy |
Implementing monetary policy |
Monetary policy stance |
The transmission mechanism |
Monetary policy and economic goals |
Monetary policy strengths/weaknesses |
RBA charter |
Role of the underlying inflation |
Monetary policy tightening |
Monetary policy loosening |
How other interest rates change |
Pre-emptive decision making |
'Open mouth operations' |
Exchange rate intervention |
Expansionary monetary policy |
Monetary policy neutrality |
Restrictive monetary policy |
MP to achieve low inflation |
MP to stimulate growth and jobs |
Productivity vs efficiency |
Productivity and international competitiveness |
Labour Market Reform |
Trade Liberalisation |
MRPs and internal stability |
MRPs and external stability |
MRPs and equity in the distribution of income |
MRPs and living standards |
The benefit of a flexible labour market |
immigration policy & the three Ps |
Immigration and labour markets |
Immigration and Aggregate Supply |
Immigration and the government's economic goals |
Immigration and living standards |
EMAs and section 457 visas |
Emissions Trading Scheme |
Carbon tax |
ETS vs carbon tax |
Direct action |
Strong and sustainable growth |
Low inflation |
Full employment |
External stability |
Equity in the distribution of income |
Living standards |
MC Introductory concepts |
SA Introductory concepts |
Miscellaneous |
MC market mechanism |
SA market mechanism 1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA market mechanism 2 |
SA market mechanism 3 |
MC elasticities |
SA elasticities |
Miscellaneous |
MC market structures |
SA market structures |
Miscellaneous |
SA market structures 2 |
MC market failures |
SA market failures 1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA market failures 2 |
MC macro activity/eco growth |
SA macro activity/eco growth1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA macro activity/eco growth2 |
SA macro activity/eco growth3 |
MC low inflation |
SA low inflation1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA low inflation2 |
MC full employment |
SA full employment1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA full employment2 |
MC external stability |
SA external stability1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA external stability2 |
SA external stability3 |
SA external stability3 |
MC equity in distribution of income |
SA equity in distribution of income1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA equity in distribution of income2 |
SA equity in distribution of income3 |
Miscellaneous |
MC fiscal/budgetary policy |
SA fiscal/budgetary policy 1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA fiscal/budgetary policy 2 |
SA fiscal/budgetary policy 3 |
SA fiscal/budgetary policy 4 |
SA fiscal/budgetary policy 5 |
MC monetary policy |
SA monetary policy 1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA monetary policy 2 |
SA monetary policy 3 |
MC Aggregate supply policies |
SA Aggregate supply policies 1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA Aggregate supply policies 2 |
SA Aggregate supply policies 3 |
SA Aggregate supply policies 4 |
SA Aggregate supply policies 5 |
MC Policy mix |
SA Policy mix |
Miscellaneous |
MC course revision |
SA course revision 1 |
Miscellaneous |
SA course revision 2 |
Contemporary activities 2018 |
Contemporary activities 2017 |
Contemporary activities 2016 A |
Contemporary activities 2016 B |
Contemporary activities 2015 A |
Contemporary activities 2015 B |
Videos |
Diagrams used in activities |
Google community eco teachers |
Misc videos |
Misc videos |
The Checkout season 1 |
The Checkout season 2 |
The Checkout miscellaneous |
The Corporation |
EconPop |
Freakonomics |
PPC1 |
PPC2 |
PPC3 |